Employment Report International Nurse Immigration and Economic Explanations

Employment Report : International Nurse Immigration and Economic Explanations Introduction There has been unprecedented debate over economic policies with the advent of globalization marked by increased international labor mobility (Stilwell et al, 2004). But while in some economies, trade restrictions and protectionism has continued to hinder labor mobility, other economies are increasingly opening up their borders for international labor flow. This is a field of inquiry that has continued to attract attention of social scientist than many other aspects of globalization and world economy (Fanning and Munck, 2011). There has been substantial theoretical and empirical research on international migration of healthcare professionals in the last decade, a trend that has also invited multilateral financial institutions such as World Bank and international agencies like World Health Organization. The economic implications of healthcare professional mobility have thus; become fundamental public policy concern (Debisette, 2011). This essay seeks to review the trends in international nurse immigration, economic factors motivating such migration and the consequence of international capital flow on health systems. This discussion is informed by the changing policy responses that seem to be shifting from simply preventing labour mobility towards more economically beneficial agenda of managing such migration for the mutual benefit of the destination and labor source countries (Stilwell et al, 2004). With international nurse immigration being viewed as solution to shortage of nurses, this paper maintains that improved working conditions and wages supported by effective human resource systems primarily influence international nurse migration. Trends in International Nurse Migration Nursing shortage in developed economies has heightened international recruitment and human capital flow. International recruitment and nurse migration refers to movement of nursing professionals from one country to another in search of employment opportunities and greener pastures. This today, is viewed as short-term solution to the serious nursing shortages in countries like the United States, United Kingdom and larger Europe. In the past, nurse migration was basically motivated by personal desire to establish international labor contacts or based opportunistic event when nursing services are needed in the destination countries (Stilwell et al., 2004). In the past decade, however, nurse migration and recruitment has largely been planned with recruitment agencies in developed countries increasingly sourcing nurses from either developing or other developed countries (Stilwell et al., 2004). Also, developing countries are no exception as they are also sourcing nurses from each other. United Kingdom In United Kingdom, the British National Health Service (NHS) has been experiencing unprecedented budget increase to finance panned growth of the nursing workforce. There has also been an increase in nurse training with the nation while also, directing efforts to attract nurses from outside borders characterised by explicit labor policies on international recruitment although with region restrictions (Aiken et al., 2004). This trend has been witnessed since the beginning of millennium. In 2002, for instance, about 16, 155 nurses joined U.K’s labor register from other nations more than in any other economic sector with education registering only 14, 538 (Aiken et al., 2002). Such recruitment efforts have also been reinforced by improved foreign-based nursing curriculum that has promoted eligibility of nursing practice in United Kingdom. In addition, dependency on foreign-trained nurses in many healthcare sectors in United Kingdom has routinely facilitated funding of internationa l healthcare labor to a point that organizations sponsor extended work permits for its personnel. Empirical findings shows that one in four nurses based in London are from foreign countries while some privately-run healthcare organizations employ even up to 60% foreign-trained nurses (Alien et al., 2004). Most of these nurses do not necessarily come from Europe but rather Australia, South Africa, Philippines, India, and some other Africa countries with the labor flow being consistent with a well-established trade patterns. Controversy surrounding mass nurse migration from considerable number of African countries resounds. The pattern perhaps has been promoted by the revision of Healthcare ethics code in 1999 that waived restriction of labor recruitment from sub-Saharan Africa by the British National Health Service board. That notwithstanding, private organization preference for African-trained nurses has perpetrated this practice and who ultimately on gaining practice eligibility in UK find their way into NHS. This explains why migration of nurses into U.K. from Africa has been on an upward trend. Similarities of commonwealth nursing curriculum also confer graduates from such countries eligibility of practice in U.K due to recognition of their certifications. United States There are assumptions with the labor corridors that the United States is the force to reckon with regard to nurse immigration owing to its large heath care system, good wage structure, favorable human resource practices and unsurpassed media attention to its international nurse recruitment activities (Lisa, 2007). Since late 1990s, foreign-trained nurse population has been on the increase at a rate estimated to outweigh that of U.S-educated nurses (Alien et al., 2004). Accordingly, foreign-born nurses United States accounts for about a third of the increased recruitment of nurses nationally, although it has not been established with accuracy how many of such nurses are trained oversees. Contrary to the belief that United States is the leading importer of nurses, the country has highly restrictive licensure and immigration policies which greatly limit entrance of oversees-trained nurses to the country. For example, it is a requirement for all nurses to pass the National Council Licens ure Examination in order to practice as registered nurses. This requires adequate demonstration of professionalism that meets the country’s standards with those whom English is not neither their native language nor a primary language in their mother countries sitting for English proficiency tests. Other restrictions include visa screening and trade-tariff restrictions. But this does not overrule the fact that America does import nurses especially from developing countries. Canada for instance, has for many years been the largest source of nurses to United States particularly in neighboring states where Canadian-trained nurses are explicitly endorsed owing to comparability of nursing curriculum and licensure policies. Ireland Ireland is a notable example of developed economies that is a major host of foreign-trained nurses. In the past, Ireland educational system produced more nurses that the country could absorb which facilitated international migration of nurses to other developed countries. But with its current economic boom, which has also led to an enlarged healthcare system, the Ireland-trained nurses could no longer meet the nursing demand making the country a major destination for overseas recruits. According to Alien et al (2004), Ireland is a major host of U.K-trained nurses with the country importing large numbers of nurses than it training domestically. Economic Reasons and Implications of International Labor Flow Economically, the nurse migration can be explained by the push/pull labor theory. Push factors are the reasons that drive the nurses to other countries and connote economical factors such as unsatisfactory wages, inadequate work facilities, lack of career development options and government policies or social-political factors (Peter and Groningen, 2004). On the other hand, Pull factors are the forces of attraction in destination countries and include better opportunities for career development, improved standards of living, better wages and learning opportunities. The push/pull labor model is expounded by the Neo-classical economic theory which maintains that migration results from geographical differences in the supply and demand for labor (Peter and Groningen, 2004). As such, countries with large supply of nursing workforce have relatively lower demand for such labor hence offer lower wages. On the contrary, those with limited number of trained nursing personnel have a higher demand for their services and consequently, offer higher remuneration. It is this imbalance between supply and demand for nurses that induces them to migrate from low-wage areas to countries that offer better wages. Figure 1: Labor market and interaction between demand, supply and minimum wages. As shown in the Figure 1, when the equilibrium wage falls below the minimum wage there will be surplus supply of nurses because demand for labor is low hence unemployment sets in. Under such situation, not all qualified nurses even willing to work for a minimum wage will be absorbed by the system. This forces nurses to seek employment opportunities in other countries. Similarly, countries offering higher minimum wage acts as bait for international labor migration. If differences are evident in countries’ minimum wages for nurses, the neoclassical theory of migration takes effect. The Keynesian economic theory, which is critical of the tenets of neoclassical theory on labor and capital flow, posits that international labor migration eliminates unemployment differences. It contends that labor supply further do depend on the nominal wage and not only the real wages as posited by neoclassical theory. Since Keynesian economics views money both as medium of exchange and saving, the latter function of makes the nurses to be attracted to countries with higher nominal wages (Fanning and Munck, 2011). Another economic theory that has sought to explain international labor flow is the dual labor market theory which contends that international labor migration is largely driven by unemployment levels of trained workforce and the general labor shortages in developed economies and their need to fill bottom positions in the job hierarchy (Peter and Groningen, 2004). In most cases, shortages in the bottom positions in modern societies resulting from motivational problems and marked social changes. As such, few resident professionals are willing to take up such bottom positions which therefore, create labor shortages. Foreign nurses inspired by better lives and standards in developed societies migrate to take-up such positions. In conclusion, there has been unprecedented international nurse migration in the last decade. Some of the destination countries include United Kingdom, United States, and Ireland. These nurses are sources from both developed and developing countries and the pattern is influenced by economic and social reasons such as wage difference, better career development prospects, good human resource practices and better lifestyles. References Aiken, L. H., Buchan, J., Sochalski, J., Nicholas, B. and Powell, B. 2004. Trends in international nurse migration. Health Affairs, 23(3): pp 69-77. Debisette, A. 2011. Annual Review of Nursing Research. London, Springer Publishing Company. Fanning, B. and Munck, R. 2011. Globalization, migration, and social transformation: Ireland in Europe and the World. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. Lisa, L. 2007. Nurse migration: A Canadian case study. Health Services Research, 43(3): pp. 1336-1353. Peter, R. P. and Groningen, R. 2004. Macro-economic determinants of international migration in Europe. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Vujicic, M., and Poz, M. (2004). Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: Strategic approaches to its management. World Health Organization Bulletin, 82(8): pp. 595-600.

According to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and...

According to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very similar. They had cities, a relatively high standard of living, music, arts , religion, writing, and literature.They both developed at the same time . However, they differed in important and some different ways, especially in terms of culture, politics, religion, art and architecture. Also, they have the geography which is their located differently. Egypt lies on the fertile Nile River valley , and desert around it.The Nile river have effect to Egyptians culture, it gave a rich natural fertilizing elements that helped Egyptian to grow plants. Also, Egyptian civilization formed by 3000 B.C. E., and they benefited from trade and†¦show more content†¦Egyptians had worshipped their God, but they did not fear the God because the God did not give them disasters . Their king god called Amun, and they also have the sun god Re, sky God Horus. Otherwise, The Mesopotamians were very sca red of their gods, because their gods gave the Mesopotamians punishments when they do the wrong things like making their country flood. Mesopotamians believed that the god is the role leader , and god can protect people. They have the most three important gods,the God of Air Enlil, Amu is the father of God whom represented the authority , and God of water EA . Beside that, they still have sun God Utu, the Goddess of love and war called Inanna, and Marduk is the god of babylon. In Mesopotamia, the kings represented the gods, while the Egyptian kings were gods, and two leaders were believed to be related to the gods, because of the great power they held and the wealth under their control. Both ancient Mesopotamias and ancient Egypts religions had the enhance to their culture. The religion played an important role in their society, and spiritual life. More importantly, the artworks and architecture of Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt are both very popular and have the di fferent and similar at the same time. Both Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt have their impressive pyramid structures, but in Mesopotamia they are calledShow MoreRelatedAncient Eastern Thought and the Old Testament Essay10692 Words   |  43 PagesAFTER DEATH 49 POSTSCRIPT 53 CHAPTER 1: HISTORY AND METHODS History Thousands of texts were unearthed, translated and analyzed starting in the eighteenth century. Assyriologist Freidrich Delitzsch claimed that the Bible was plagiarized from Mesopotamian literature. This was an important statement as it would indicate that the Old Testament was not divine and that Christianity was rooted in mythology. As biblical scholars came to the defense of the Bible, a sharp division was created betweenRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesdisorderly book. A glance at the table of contents is enough to show that the sequence of chapters is erratic and closer inspection reveals that the scope of individual chapters is far wider than appears at first sight. Philosophic doctrines (which, according to the author, are the basis of the talismanic art), theory of magic, astronomical, astrological and physical lore, extensive directions for the practice of the art, and accounts of the peoples by whom it is employed are jumbled together throughout

Life on the color line Free Essays

The story of this man’s life is simply amazing. That came through in his honest and heart-felt reflection of the hardships he had to overcome growing up. This intriguing memoir allows the reader to see what life was like for the author whose early life was defined by issues of race and color. We will write a custom essay sample on Life on the color line or any similar topic only for you Order Now Williams, dean of the Ohio State University College of Law, tells the touching and captivating account of his most unusual youth. The author had spent his early years in Virginia, where his white mother and his dark-skinned â€Å"Italian† father operated a roadside tavern. Growing up in the South, where issues of race and color were so important, the author had always thought that he was white, as he had been raised as such. When his parents’ business came to a halt, his mother left, forcing his father to return home to his roots in Muncie, Indiana. It was then that the author and his younger brother, Mike, discover two sides of the then great color divide: black and white. The lesson would be a difficult one. Much to their surprise and horror, their father, a light-skinned Negro â€Å"passing† as Italian, had survived most of his adulthood playing as both black and white as a way of life. He did so successfully until divorced and alcohol overtook him and struck him back down into â€Å"his place† in the slums of Muncie, Indiana. In those times, however, you were considered to be either White or Black. In Indiana, he was Black, even though, ironically, in the South he had passed for White. Greg and Mike, learn that, notwithstanding their appearance, they are considered to be Black, and forced to live in a segregated world on the wrong side of the race and color divide. They quickly learn how it feels to be the second class citizens. This was the nineteen fifties, during the zenith of the Klu Klux Klan, and well before the Civil Rights Movement had taken hold, so views ran very high on issues of race and color. The boys found themselves in the midpoint, rejected by both races. They had to learn how to maneuver in this crazy patchwork quilt of absurd and confusing racial notions that would marginalize their existence and make them the target for every scoundrel on either side of the race and color divide. This had a great impact on the brothers, as they find their own personal coping mechanism for the deprivation, poverty, hostility and prejudice that restricted their life. Unfortunately, Greg and mike took ultimately different paths. After more than a decade of poverty, degradation and loneliness later, straddling the racial and ultimately rescued by the humanity of a single, poor, Church going Black woman, named Miss Dora, Greg was able to overcome the handicap of his ‘Niggerhood’ and in the end attained both his and his father’s dream of becoming a lawyer. Mike on the other hand had no such luck. He seeks solace in the lure of easy money, easy women, and life in the fast lane, a choice that would end in personal tragedy for him. After a life on the edge, he was blinded in a barroom brawl that was the signature of such environments. Today he remains without means or hope in the care of a state supported nursing home. The book clearly outlines the fact that, in the nineteen fifties, the whites are the privileged and the blacks are the repressed and inopportune.   The author focuses on his early life, the part that evidently caused him so much pain. Those early experiences shape the man he is today. One argument, however, is that the author curses the town for its treatment of them. I always kept in mind the time frame and the reaction could have happened in any other town in the country – such was the prevailing attitude, in general, in the late 50’s and early 60’s. Racism exists – everywhere and on all sides. Blacks of today, regardless of where they may live can draw inspiration from his story. We all still face a huge amount of inequality and injustice in our society today. With such divergence along political, gender and religious lines in our national conscience, it is critical to remember that race still matters. In the world of the 50s and 60s where the only meaningful value seems to have been that of â€Å"being white,† Mike and Gregory Williams, possessing all the outward characteristics of whiteness, nevertheless experienced the vital fall from grace: they found themselves on the wrong side of the racial divide and thus forced (as their father put it) â€Å"to learn how to become Niggers.† There are many deeply touching morality tales in this book, but an inescapable one is not its most flattering one: It is that in a racist society nothing is more meaningful or valuable than â€Å"being white.† Whatever you do in life, do not become a Nigger; and if by an accident of fate you should become one, then you should do whatever you can to overcome it in any way possible as long as it is within the rules of racism. That is to say, do not try to eliminate the cause of this moral discontinuity, racism, or change its immoral and corrupt rules and imperatives; just try as best you can to overcome it. After all, overcoming ‘Niggerhood’ is a goal worthy of quest while ending racism is not even one that is attainable. Another morality tale of this book is that no matter how inhumane and corrupt white values are, they nevertheless remain okay because they are after all the standard and norm of society and there is just nothing one can do about them. They remain unbreakable. If you are white, being a racist is okay because racism is society’s norm. White humanity is always better than black humanity because it is self-defined in that way. However, if history teaches us anything, it teaches us that immorality and corruption no matter how normal, feeds on itself. This book is highly recommended to help possibly alleviate issues on color and race. This will inspire many people to strive and be a better person regardless of color. References Williams, Gregory Howard. (1995). Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black. New York: Penguin Books. How to cite Life on the color line, Essay examples

Sherman Alexie Essay free essay sample

In the following short story The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me, Sherman Alexie tells his readers about his pain and suffering growing up in an Indian Reservation. Everyone was expected to follow the status quo; moronic, idiotic, and uneducated, but Alexie refused, seeing how his father read and went to school, Alexie wanted to be like his father, educated. He was strong and was not afraid of what might the other kids or parents say about him behind his back; he broke from the status quo. Sherman Alexie grew up on an Indian Reservation in Spokane, WA. He tells us in the beginning of the story that he learned to read ith a Superman comic book. (1). Reading that comic book is what started everything for Alexie, growing up his family was not wealthy, in fact he tells us they were middle-class by reservation standards. (1). His family was different among others because his father went to a Catholic school, his father adored reading from westerns, spy thrillers, murder mysteries, gangster epics, etc he could pretty much read anything he can get his hands on to. We will write a custom essay sample on Sherman Alexie Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though they did not have much money, his father would find ways to buy books, their whole house was full of books ought his books by the pound goodwill, salvation army Our house was filled with books stacked in the bathrooms, bedrooms (2). With this habit of reading and collecting a plethora of books, this trickled down to Alexie. Teaching himself how to read was not easy, picking up his first book and seeing those words and those words forming sentences and then forming paragraphs, was all Alexie could see. He realized that these words he is reading meant something that a paragraph was a fence that held words. (3). He started seeing the world in paragraphs (3). But picking up and reading the Superman comic book would change him forever. He looked at that comic book in different ways, seeing as how he could not read he just looked at the illustrations. Alexie was smart enough to figure out was Superman was doing in those pictures Superman is breaking down the door. (4). He pretends to say that Superman is kicking down the door, even though it does not say it on the comic Because he is breaking down the door, I assume he says, I am breaking down the door(4). With this skill he practiced and honed, his reading skills kept growing and growing. Sherman Alexie taught himself how to read at an early age. After the Superman comic, he read books that a normal boy his age could not even read reads Grapes of Wrath in kindergarten (5). While all the other kids read and struggle with books at their level, Alexie surpasses them. Furthermore he explains to us how if hed been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy(5). Being an Indian who was smart and was educated was considered by Indian standards a dangerous person, A smart Indian is a dangerous person (6). But Alexie did not care of what others thought about him, he was strong, courageous and was not afraid of anyone. I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant (8). With all of the books he read throughout his young years, Sherman Alexie grew up to be a writer and a teacher, he taught other kids in the reservation that reading is not wrong that it is okay to have an education and have a more better brighter future, and that it is okay to bend or break the status quo if it means bettering yourself. A human or person rather, not the same in the way they act or think or educated even to their family or tribe would be ridiculed. Each and every day you see someone of your ethnicity you would be looked down upon because you are not the same. But who cares, if being different or breaking the status quo means for you to have a better education or even future, then should not you do what is best for you. Breaking trends and rules are not bad, if it means for it to be for the good of yourself, others and humanity, then break them. But if you are just going to follow the status quo because other people are doing it then you are better off on your own, because being and individual is what makes you, you.